Browsing by Author "Glover M."
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Item A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to participation in randomized controlled trials by Indigenous people from New Zealand, Australia, Canada and the United States.(2016-01-10) Glover M.; Kira A.; Johnston V.; Walker N.; Thomas D.; Chang A.B.; Bullen C.; Segan C.J.; Brown N.Approach: The literature was systematically searched for published articles including information on the barriers and facilitators for Indigenous people's participation in health-related RCTs. Articles were identified using a key word search of electronic databases (Scopus, Medline and EMBASE). To be included, papers had to include in their published work at least one aspect of their RCT that was either a barrier and/or facilitator for participation identified from, for example, design of intervention, or discussion sections of articles. Articles that were reviews, discussions, opinion pieces or rationale/methodology were excluded. Results were analysed inductively, allowing themes to emerge from the data. Issue: Many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are conducted each year but only a small proportion is specifically designed for Indigenous people. In this review we consider the challenges of participation in RCTs for Indigenous peoples from New Zealand, Australia, Canada and the United States and the opportunities for increasing participation. Key findings: Facilitators enabling Indigenous people's participation in RCTs included relationship and partnership building, employing Indigenous staff, drawing on Indigenous knowledge models, targeted recruitment techniques and adapting study material. Challenges for participation included both participant-level factors (such as a distrust of research) and RCT-level factors (including inadequately addressing likely participant barriers (phone availability, travel costs), and a lack of recognition or incorporation of Indigenous knowledge systems. Implication: The findings from our review add to the body of knowledge on elimination of health disparities, by identifying effective and practical strategies for conducting and engaging Indigenous peoples with RCTs. Future trials that seek to benefit Indigenous peoples should actively involve Indigenous research partners, and respect and draw on pertinent Indigenous knowledge and values. This review has the potential to assist in the design of such studies.Copyright © The Author(s) 2014.Item Effect of a family-centered, secondhand smoke intervention to reduce respiratory illness in Indigenous infants in Australia and New Zealand: a randomized controlled trial.(2015-02-17) Walker N.; Johnston V.; Glover M.; Bullen C.; Trenholme A.; Chang A.; Morris P.; Segan C.; Brown N.; Fenton D.; Hawthorne E.; Borland R.; Parag V.; Von blaramberg T.; Westphal D.; Thomas D.Introduction: Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a significant cause of acute respiratory illness (ARI) and 5 times more common in Indigenous children. A single-blind randomized trial was undertaken to determine the efficacy of a family centered SHS intervention to reduce ARI in Indigenous infants in Australia and New Zealand. Method(s): Indigenous mothers/infants from homes with >=1 smoker were randomized to a SHS intervention involving 3 home visits in the first 3 months of the infants' lives (plus usual care) or usual care. The primary outcome was number of ARI-related visits to a health provider in the first year of life. Secondary outcomes, assessed at 4 and 12 months of age, included ARI hospitalization rates and mothers' report of infants' SHS exposure (validated by urinary cotinine/creatinine ratios [CCRs]), smoking restrictions, and smoking cessation. Result(s): Two hundred and ninety-three mother/infant dyads were randomized and followed up. Three quarters of mothers smoked during pregnancy and two thirds were smoking at baseline (as were their partners), with no change for more than 12 months. Reported infant exposure to SHS was low (>=95% had smoke-free homes/cars). Infant CCRs were higher if one or both parents were smokers and if mothers breast fed their infants. There was no effect of the intervention on ARI events [471 intervention vs. 438 usual care (reference); incidence rate ratio = 1.10, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.88-1.37, p = .40]. Conclusion(s): Despite reporting smoke-free homes/cars, mothers and their partners continue to smoke in the first year of infants' lives, exposing them to SHS. Emphasis needs to be placed on supporting parents to stop smoking preconception, during pregnancy, and postnatal.Copyright © The Author 2014.Item Reducing smoking among Indigenous populations: new evidence from a review of trials.(2013-08-05) Johnston V.; Westphal D.W.; Glover M.; Thomas D.P.; Segan C.; Walker N.Introduction: Previous reviews have concluded that to be effective, evidence-based tobacco control interventions should be culturally adapted to Indigenous populations. We undertook a systematic review to critically examine this hitherto conclusion. Method(s): We searched MEDLINE, PsychInfo, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases from 1980 to May 2012 for controlled trials. We included studies that recruited nonIndigenous and Indigenous participants to assess differences in impact of nonadapted interventions across ethnic groups and whether adapted interventions are more effective for Indigenous participants. Result(s): Five studies were included. Three tested the effectiveness of enhanced Quitline protocols with cessation products over usual Quitline care, and two trialed a culturally adapted cessation counseling intervention using mobile phones. Three studies did not demonstrate a significant effect of the intervention for both Indigenous and nonIndigenous participants; two were pharmacotherapy studies using nicotine replacement therapy and the third was a trial of a multimedia phone intervention. The fourth study found a significant effect of a behavioral intervention using text messaging for Indigenous and nonIndigenous participants. The final study found a significant effect in favor of very low nicotine cigarettes compared with usual care; results were similar across ethnic groups. Discussion(s): There is likely no significant difference between Indigenous and nonIndigenous populations regarding the efficacy of smoking cessation products, and we provide some promising evidence on the efficacy of behavioral interventions delivered via mobile phone technology. We demonstrate that not all tobacco control interventions can or necessarily need to be culturally adapted for Indigenous populations although there are circumstances when this is important. © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved.Item Smoking and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and Maori children.(2010-10-08) Thomas D.P.; Glover M.Smoking and the deaths and suffering it causes are more common among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and Maori than other Australians and New Zealanders. While, many tobacco control activities that are not specifically targeted at children will have a positive impact on child health, this review concentrates on recent tobacco control research on pregnant women and children. The important tasks are to reduce smoking by pregnant Maori and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women to reduce infant and child exposure to second-hand smoke and to reduce smoking initiation of children and adolescents. Health professionals who want to reduce the suffering caused by smoking among Maori and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children can be guided by much new relevant research evidence and clear frameworks about how to approach tobacco control in these communities. © 2010 Paediatrics and Child Health Division (Royal Australasian College of Physicians).Item Smoking in pregnancy among Indigenous women in high-income countries: a narrative review.(20170608) Gould G.S.; Patten C.; Glover M.; Kira A.; Jayasinghe H.Introduction: Pregnant women in socioeconomically disadvantaged circumstances, such as Indigenous women, have a high prevalence of smoking. Tobacco smoking is the most significant reversible risk factor for the health of Indigenous pregnant women and their babies. Method(s): As researchers working in this specialized area, we conducted a narrative review of the literature on smoking among Indigenous pregnant women in the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. We summarize prevalence and factors influencing tobacco use, interventions, and evidence gaps for tobacco control and smoking cessation. Recommendations are made for future interventions, policy changes, and much-needed research. Result(s): Common themes emerging across the four countries reveal opportunities for cross-cultural collaborative studies and trials. These include the social-normative use of tobacco as barriers to quitting in pregnancy and the need for evaluations of interventions at the family and community level. Socioeconomic disparities underscore the importance of enhancing the implementation and reach of strategies to prevent and reduce prenatal tobacco smoking among Indigenous women. Elders and community health care providers as role models for nontobacco use could be explored. Qualitative work is needed to understand the barriers and opportunities, such as cultural strengths supporting quitting tobacco to develop more effective approaches. Conclusion(s): Although a high-priority group, there remains a dearth of research on Indigenous women's smoking in pregnancy. Studies have assessed knowledge and attitudes to smoking in pregnancy, and small feasibility studies and a few empirical trials have been conducted. Recommendations for promising culturally appropriate cessation interventions have been made. Larger trials are warranted. Implications: Strategies to support quitting among pregnant Indigenous women need to be multifactorial and take account of the social determinants of smoking including historical antecedents, community norms, cultural strengths, and recognition of individual and community needs. Cross-country research collaborations have the potential to leverage funding, share expertise, and strengthen approaches to tackle an important and poorly attended health disparity that has a profound impact on the entire life course for Indigenous peoples.Copyright © The Author 2017.